Essay on The History of Punishment - 1108 Words

Punishment is a brutal, severe feeling that has been around for centuries. Since the oldest civilizations till Today punishment has impact the world and how people live their life. Throughout generation to generation civilizations, countries have grown in crimes and punishment. Ancient punishments were harsher than Today’s punishments. In Middle ages, Ancient Greece and Rome, Mesopotamia they’d cruel punishments that were more harsher, severe than Today’s. In the oldest civilizations people were inhumane. They’d committed the most brutal punishments. Today, we have jails and a faster way to die without pain. Before any jails, or guns people we chopped, cut into pieces, burned to death or boiled. They also were tortured to death in the†¦show more content†¦This code had about three hundred laws that discuss a range of subjects. Like divorce, adoption, homicide, assault, and other more. The Code of Hammurabi applied to three classes: amely, musking and ardu. The most significant law or rule of the Hammurabi’s code was â€Å"an eye for an eye.† The legal language, name is Lex Talionis. Lex Talionis (â€Å"eye for an eye†) covered many crimes such as bearing false witness. If a person falsely accused another person, the accuser would be punished instead. The Code of Hammurabi influenced legal system throughout Persia and the East for several centuries. Egypt developed a system of law that view right and wrong. The Egyptian justice belief was Maat. By the Maat, the pharaohs who authorize the punishments were expected to view everyone equal, except slaves. The pharaoh was who decided the most serious cases. They’d considered tomb robbery one of the most extremely wicked crimes but, this crime became so rampant that during the rule of Ramses IX they began robbing the pharaohs. Egyptian had variety of punishment such as beating, cutting ears, nose and hands. If a women was caught cheating she had her nose cut off. Women often suffered more severe punishments than men. If a men was caught cheating he had received a beating as punishment. Based on the harshness of much punishment Egypt made some concepts of basic human rights. If a pregnant woman received the death penalty, she was not sanctionedShow MoreRelatedHistory of Punishment2331 Words   |  10 Pages352_Spring 2011 History Instructor: Marcos L. Misis (ABD) . 1 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA Early History of Corrections †¢ Codified punishment for offenders was developed in the early ages of human history. †¢ One of the earliest known written codes that specified different types of offenses and punishments was the Code of Hammurabi in 1750 B.C. The Code of Hammurabi was divided into sections to cover different types of offenses and contained descriptions of the punishments to be imposedRead MoreHistory of Punishment835 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the founder of the classical school of criminology, the first organized theory of crime causation linked to appropriate punishments. According to (Seiter, 2011) Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) Jeremy Bentham is the creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) another way to remove offenders from societyRead MorePurpose and History of Punishment785 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and History of Punishment The American society of punishment has been heavily based on British law, which has in turn grown from Western capital punishment and personal retribution. In the seventh century A.D. leaders in government have begun to realize that crimes harmed society. The government started becoming more involved in controlling crimes and punishment for the crimes being committed. To protect the citizens the leaders of the governing body assembled a set of laws that were passedRead MoreThe History of Capital Punishment1239 Words   |  5 Pagesand there was no DNA evidence or murder weapon found (Pilkington). How can a man’s life be taken in such an unfair and cruel way? The world should make capital punishment illegal, recognizing it as a moral and ethical mistake, a cruel and misguided injustice, and an impractical and wasteful act. Capital punishment has a complicated history, both worldwide and particularly in the United States. Due to the efforts of human rights groups and evolutions in society, the world has many fewer executionsRead MoreSex and Punishment in History502 Words   |  2 Pageshomosexuality, beastality, prostitution, and the age of the consent. Whilst covering every aspect of sex, such along with rape and pornography it also describes the punishments people received such as murder or heavy fines or torture. Even though it has done exactly what the title suggested I did not realise that it would appear as a history book and go through every period in detail but would rather just elaborate on important or pinnacle sex differences. The chapters are long but the fact that itRead MoreHistory of Capital Punishment in America779 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment, the process by which the government takes the life of an offender for crimes committed against humanity. Capital Punishment also referred to as the â€Å"death penalty† has played a role in the correctional process dating back to 1608 in Jamestown. Over the years the use of Capital Punishment has fluctuated. Like most areas of corrections the death penalty has become reformed and altered to needs of modern day society. Like most controversial issues the majority of people haveRead MoreHistory of Capital Punishment Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Capital Punishment In the history of the world, the punishment for murder, or homicide, has generally been â€Å"the death penalty†. This seems to be the most logical punishment. If someone intentionally kills an innocent human being, why should he be able to live? Or should he? Should he be forced to suffer for the remainder of his life for this terrible crime? There are many arguments and opinions on this topic; many reasons why we should sentence murderers to death, but many reasonsRead More The History of Capital Punishment Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe History of Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crime has been a plague on society from ancient times to present. In response to this plague, society has formed structured rules to deal with the perpetrators of crime. A crime can be defined as act that society’s government deems as illegal. Different societies have formed various methods and standards for evaluating crime and assigning corresponding punishment. What constitutes a crime has changed throughout the course of history. In ancient timesRead MoreHistory of THe Capital Punishment Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesThe capital punishment, known as the death penalty has been a widely debated topic in America over its constitutionality after being reinstated in 1976. There are two distinct sides in the debate over whether the death penalty is an unjust punishment. The debate spreads over to whether mentally ill and juveniles should be tried as adults and receive the death penalty or if their mental capacity restrains the government from issuing the punishment. Not only that, but the methods used to administerRead MoreThe Effects Of Punishment And The History Of Prison Development1013 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The desire and history of the correction system is necessary to recognize though we are trying to comprehend where the system stands today. The correction system today has appears to came long way from where it was countless years ago. This paper is going to discuss the history of punishment and the history of prison development. It will also discuss the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system and how they compare. The final

Don Carlos Buell Civil War Figure

Born in Lowell, OH on March 23, 1818, Don Carlos Buell was the son of a successful farmer. Three years after his fathers death in 1823, his family sent him to live with an uncle in Lawrenceburg, IN. Educated at a local school where he showed an aptitude for mathematics, the young Buell also worked on his uncles farm. Finishing his schooling, he succeeded in obtaining an appointment to the US Military Academy in 1837. A middling student at West Point, Buell struggled with excessive demerits and came close to being expelled on several occasions. Graduating in 1841, he placed thirty-second out of fifty-two in his class. Assigned to the 3rd US Infantry as a second lieutenant, Buell received orders which saw him travel south for service in the Seminole Wars. While in Florida, he displayed skill for administrative duties and enforcing discipline among his men. Mexican-American War With the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846, Buell joined Major General Zachary Taylors army in northern Mexico. Marching south, he took part in the Battle of Monterrey that September. Showing bravery under fire, Buell received a brevet promotion to captain. Moved to Major General Winfield Scotts army the following year, Buell took part in the Siege of Veracruz and Battle of Cerro Gordo. As the army neared Mexico City, he played a role at the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco. Badly wounded at the latter, Buell was brevetted to major for his actions. With the end of the conflict in 1848, he moved to the Adjutant Generals office. Promoted to captain in 1851, Buell remained in staff assignments through the 1850s. Posted to the West Coast as assistant adjutant general for the Department of the Pacific, he was in this role when secession crisis began following the election of 1860. The Civil War Begins When the Civil War commenced in April 1861, Buell began preparations to return east. Known for his administrative skills, he received a commission as a brigadier general of volunteers on May 17, 1861. Reaching Washington, DC in September, Buell reported to Major General George B. McClellan and assumed command of a division in the newly-formed Army of the Potomac. This assignment proved brief as McClellan directed him to travel to Kentucky in November to relieve Brigadier General William T. Sherman as commander of the Department of the Ohio. Assuming command, Buell took the field with the Army of the Ohio. Seeking to capture Nashville, TN, he recommended advancing along the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. This plan was initially vetoed by McClellan, though it was later used by forces led by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant in February 1862. Moving up the rivers, Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson and drew Confederate forces away from Nashville. Tennessee Taking advantage, Buells Army of the Ohio advanced and captured Nashville against little opposition. In recognition of this achievement, he received a promotion to major general on March 22. Despite this, his responsibility shrank as his department was merged into Major General Henry W. Hallecks new Department of the Mississippi. Continuing to operate in central Tennessee, Buell was directed to unite with Grants Army of West Tennessee at Pittsburg Landing. As his command moved towards this objective, Grant came under attack at the Battle of Shiloh by Confederate forces led by Generals Albert S. Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard. Driven back to a tight defensive perimeter along the Tennessee River, Grant was reinforced by Buell during the night. The next morning, Grant used troops from both armies to mount a massive counterattack which routed the enemy. In the wake of the fighting, Buell came to believe that only his arrival had saved Grant from certain defeat. This belief was reinforced by stories in the Northern press. Corinth Chattanooga Following Shiloh, Halleck united his forces for an advance on the rail center of Corinth, MS. During the course of the campaign, Buells loyalties were called into question due to his strict policy of non-interference with the Southern population and his bringing charges against subordinates who looted. His position was further weakened by the fact that he owned slaves which had been inherited from his wifes family. After taking part in Hallecks efforts against Corinth, Buell returned to Tennessee and began a slow advance towards Chattanooga via the Memphis Charleston Railroad. This was hampered by the efforts of Confederate cavalry led by Brigadier Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan. Forced to halt due to these raids, Buell abandoned his campaign in September when General Braxton Bragg commenced an invasion of Kentucky. Perryville Quickly marching north, Buell sought to prevent Confederate forces from taking Louisville. Reaching the city ahead of Bragg, he began efforts to expel the enemy from the state. Outnumbering Bragg, Buell compelled the Confederate commander to fall back towards Perryville. Approaching the town on October 7, Buell was thrown from his horse. Unable to ride, he established his headquarters three miles from the front and began making plans to attack Bragg on October 9. The next day, the Battle of Perryville commenced when Union and Confederate forces began fighting over a water source. Fighting escalated through the day as one of Buells corps faced the bulk of Braggs army. Due to an acoustic shadow, Buell remained unaware of the fighting for much of the day and did not bring his larger numbers to bear. Fighting to a stalemate, Bragg decided to retreat back to Tennessee. Largely inactive after the battle, Buell slowly followed Bragg before electing to return to Nashville rather than follow directives from his superiors to occupy eastern Tennessee. Relief Later Career Angered over Buells lack of action following Perryville, President Abraham Lincoln had him relieved on October 24 and replaced with Major General William S. Rosecrans. The following month, he faced a military commission which examined his behavior in the wake of the battle. Stating that he had not actively pursued the enemy because of a lack of supplies, he waited for six months for the commission to render a verdict. This was not forthcoming and Buell spent time in Cincinnati and Indianapolis. Upon assuming the post of Union general-in-chief in March 1864, Grant recommended that Buell be given a new command as he believed him to be a loyal soldier. Much to his ire, Buell refused the offered assignments as he was unwilling to serve under officers who had once been his subordinates. Resigning his commission on May 23, 1864, Buell left the US Army and returned to private life. A supporter of McClellans presidential campaign that fall, he settled in Kentucky after the war ended. Entering mining industry, Buell became president of the Green River Iron Company and later served as a government pension agent. Buell died on November 19, 1898, at Rockport, KY and was later buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, MO.

1984 Dystopian Essay - 1254 Words

Ahmed Ali College Prep Senior English Mr Arcuri 7th September 2017 Why 1984 is a Dystopian novel A dystopian novel is a story relating to or denoting an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one. 1984 by George Orwell, is indeed a dystopian novel as it describes a nightmare vision of future society which is opposite to a perfect world. George Orwell creates this image using a few different techniques including, the language or style, the setting, characterization, and oppression. The Language in the novel is simple; there are no metaphors. There are limited speeches to give no freedom to the reader to imagine the society in a less oppressive way than it†¦show more content†¦The outer party members, however, even though they are not ill or unhealthy, they are very skinny and small since they lack so much food. The inner party members appear to have a large effect and authority over Oceania. Big brother and the Party are watching everyone in Oceania almost 24/7 w ith telescreens and thought police. An example explaining the telescreens in the novel is, The instrument (the telescreen, it was called) could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely. (1.1.3) They always being monitored and all their facial expressions, actions or thoughts can be seen and reported to the party if it’s not something in which they like. The only time anyone is completely safe is for the few hours in the night when you sleep. Big brother makes everyone believe that there was no past and that there was no history before the present. History is being altered, and since there is â€Å"no past† no one has proof that the past is better than before the revolution occurred. Everything is based on the proles, this kind of society isn t sane; it is very unappealing and unpleasant. The society in this book is just an imagination of a perfect world, yet to exist on this planet. The government is changing and making an organization by the minis try of truth that changes all files and history depending on what Big Brother wants. Everyone now has an idea that whatever Big Brother says is right, thereforeShow MoreRelated1984 Dystopian Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages Ryan Li 8/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer reading 1984 1984 is written by George Orwell and published on June 8, 1949. It s genre is dystopian is dystopian and utopian fiction. 1984 could also be considered a work of political fiction. It is written in the literary period of modernism. Modernism originates in the late 19th and early 20th century mainly in North America and Europe. It is characterized by it s intentional break from traditional ways of writing both in prose fiction and poetryRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same. George Orwell created a dystopian society, Oceania, where the government was controlled by Big Brother. Winston Smith, the main character, slowly realized that the Party, or the government, was manipulating their society to make the Party immortal. Winston presumably wanted to stand up for his beliefs, without facing any consequences for going against the Party. By writing 1984, Orwell warns people of the dangers that totalitarianism places on society. 1984 reflects its historical period byRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesEnvision the presence living in a dystopian society - where citizens are watched day-and-night. George Orwell’s novel 1984, written in 1949, depicts and illustrates the future of the 1980’s. Orwell imagined the world in which totalitarianism reigned, individualism is dead, and history is just sentiment. The world diverged into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. With protagonist Winston Smith and the citizens of Oceania, they have experienced the impression, having to live life behindRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1944, famous author, George Orwell, composed a novel about a dystopian society called 1984. Telescreens that could see and hear everything someone did, children who turned in their parents for ideas about overthrowing the government, and a clueless society surviving on only what the government told t hem were the main problems in Orwell s novel. Orwell s purpose for writing this novel was not as a prediction of what the future of society would look like, but more as a warning. He warnsRead More1984 Dystopian Setting Essay974 Words   |  4 Pages Setting Comparison In a dystopian society those in power will manipulate the setting to ensure a controlled atmosphere over its citizens. However, this falsified setting is either displayed as dirty and indigent or as a pristine and neat society with no inbetween characteristics. 1984 by George Orwell is recognized as a dystopian novel that takes place in a futuristic country called Oceania. This society is at non-stop war and experiences spontaneous bombings along with poor living conditionsRead MoreEssay on 1984 Big Brother’s Dystopian World1015 Words   |  5 Pages29th, 2011 Big Brother’s Dystopian World Dystopia: a society characterized by human misery and oppression. A Dystopian world is controlled by a government that can do no wrong. They weed out the individuals and groups that have the thought or intend to commit their lives to â€Å"dethroning† the ruler; Big Brother. The government will do anything to protect their way of life. They will go to the extremes of changing the past to control the future. In the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the citizensRead MoreThe Dystopian Society in George Orwells Novel 1984 Essay469 Words   |  2 Pagesbook and helped lay the foundation of the dystopian society George Orwell imagined in his novel 1984. Fear, manipulation, and control were all encompassed throughout this dystopian society set in the distant future. The freedom to express ones thoughts was no longer acceptable and would not be tolerated under any circumstances. Humankind was rapidly transforming into a corrupt and evil state of mind. Even though many of Orwell’s ideas in his novel 1984 seemed completely fictional, several of theRead MoreDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals lookRead MoreCreating a Dystopian Society in 1984 and Brave New World Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesDystopian Society is carved by manipulation of society Throughout many decades people have been searching for the perfect society in which everyone is happy and prosperous . Many literature and movies has been created to depict the utopia world to enable people to explore and experience the perfect society anyone could wish for. Creating a perfect world is not an easy task and this can be seen in our history . Totalitarian states arise from different countries , Stalin’s Soviet Union , Hitler’sRead MoreOne Of The First Dystopian Novels To Become Famous Was1396 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first dystopian novels to become famous was 1984. The concept of dystopian novels is not only to entertain readers, but to let them understand the characteristics and ideas of a dystopian society. Some of these characteristics are shown through our society but at a more drastic level. Basic fears are exaggerated such as the following: distrust of others, disease, contaminated water, nuclear holocaust, etc. The reader can gain more kn owledge by finding ways in which the topics the author

Estimation and Comparison of Direct Emissions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Estimation and Comparison of Direct Emissions. Answer: Introduction: The industrialization aspects has been overwhelming in all over the world with new construction. The industrialization has helped in enhancing construction industry in different countries of the world. As commented by Goulding et al. 2015, the Australian construction industry has recently seen various changes including off-site construction. This method has been a key vision for industry for enhancing the construction industry. This research paper will discuss about issues that are responsible for driving growth of the off-site manufacturing in Australia. The project investigate whether changes in use of land use planning policies are properly implemented and planning policies and housing supply in Australia. It also provide a call from the Commonwealth Government for including Ministers Portfolio responsibility to coordinate role of government agencies as buyers of services in industry. As commented by Mao et al. 2013, the Federation and establishment of the Commonwealth of Australi a in 1901 has been accomplished by agreement between citizens and leaders of six founding states. As mentioned by Crossin, Hedayati and Clune 2014, there are key changes in functioning of Commonwealth State relations in the 20th Century including shift of income tax collection to Commonwealth and federal government by taking responsibility for social security and support by income. Australian government was not included in the Australian Constitution and different referendums for gaining constitutional recognition. As mentioned by Mao et al. 2013, the Australian government has initialized many reforms in local government systems that incudes amalgamations of LGAs, and encouraged growth in human related services at local level. This research will focus on factors that are responsible for improvement of construction industry in Australia. The factors responsible for unaffordability of houses in Australia will be explained. The benefits of off-site construction will be properly perceived in the paper. The importance of Australian government in implementation if off-site construction will be properly focused. The contribution of other legal authorities including AUHRI, HIA, NHSC and COAG in this project will be explained. Background of the research (It contains reasons for this research and background of this research) Off-Site Construction includes process of planning, designing, transporting and assembling building elements for developing an enhanced result in the construction (Arashpour et al., 2015). Off-Site buildings includes a variety of scales, materials and system. However, there has been problems in affordability of house in Australia. According to the Demographic Survey, 2014, the deterioration of housing affordability across 39 housing markets in Australia. The 10th Annual Demographic International Housing Affordability Survey has ranked Australia the second in severely unaffordable housing market (Demographia, 2014). Australian construction has been influenced by several factors including inefficient and lack in cultural reform. Different government reports have stated that Australian construction is lacking behind from various other countries. As mentioned by Gill and Terry 2016, various reasons are identified including improper implementation of laws and regulation related to construction field. Improvements are made by the Australian government in order to mitigate these problems in the state. The Construction Industry Research Information Association (CIRIA) conducted a research project named as Adding value to construction projects through standardization and pre-assembly in 1999, that focuses on value gained from application of OSM was reviewed. This research will focus on the factors cause of unaffordability of houses. The research will focus on implementation of the Off-Site Construction in the country. As mentioned by Li, Shen and Xue 2014, the involvement of the Off-Site Construction in the governmental rules and regulation will be depicted in the research. As commented by Mekonnen et al. 2015, the planning strategy Melbourne 2030 is reform of metropolitan planning, which was a number of same metropolitan plans in the Australian state capital cities. As commented by Newman 2014, this include Sydneys City of Cities (NSW Department of Planning 2005), Perths Network City (Department of Planning and Infrastructure 2004), Brisbanes South East Queenslands Regional Plan (Queensland Government 2005) and Adelaides South Australias Strategic Plan (Government of South Australia 2007). Research Problem (The problem due to which this research is conducted) This research is about importance of the MOC in the Australia for its development in the market. The problem in house affordability will be discussed in the research. The NHSC reported that rents in houses in capital cities in the second quarter of year 2012 were increased by 3.2 % in compare to 2011. The average earnings of the people has been increased by 57% and price of house rose by 69% in same period (Mostafa, Chileshe Zuo, 2014). Therefore, it becomes difficult for affording a house in the scenario. Therefore, this research will focus on identifying factors responsible for unaffordability of houses in Australia. This research will depict importance of the Off-Site Construction for mitigating the challenge in the country. The involvement of government in this project will be focused in the research This research aims at improving modular off site construction with government support. The research questions are discussed below: What are the factors affecting the unaffordability of houses? How to implement modular off site construction for mitigating challenges? What is the role of government in implementation of modular off site construction? What are strategies recommended for improving the concept of modular off site construction? Research Objectives (Overall objectives of research is mentioned) The objectives of the research are as follows: To identify the factors affecting the unaffordability of houses To implement modular off site construction for mitigating challenges To identify the role of government in implementation of modular off site construction To recommend strategies for improving the concept of modular off site construction Literature Review (Past literature on off-site construction is reviewed) Some specialized and governmental published works on house building from Australia including Housing Industry Association (HIA), National Housing Supply Council (NHSC), Australian Housing and Urban Research institute (AHURI), Coalition of Australian Government (COAG), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Demographia and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were additionally searched. The Housing Industry Association (HIA) and Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) have provided their index ratio that helps in measuring ratio of median household disposable income. As mentioned by Barnett and Stratton 2014, the index has been increased by 5.1% in 2013. This is due to reduction in interest rates by the Reserve Bank Australia (RBA) from 7.05% to 2.5%. Therefore, the median price data is collected from CBA new housing loans. As per the view of Lu and Tam 2013, the Australian government have participated in implementation of Modern off site construction in the country. The Australian Construction industry forum (ACIF) helps in providing shelter, community facilities and infrastructure for cultural, social and economic needs. It holds ire than 10% of GDP and provides employment to one million people in the country. According to Scherjon et al. 2015, ACIF recognizes need of people and helps in satisfying their needs by providing various facilities through construction. The government has helped in strengthening laws and policies in construction site that helps in providing quality construction services in the state. As commented by Li and Du 2015, the projects under ACIF are of advanced quality and offering houses at affordable prices to people. Planning and designing phases of projects help in reducing waste, time and money for construction and helps in providing efficient performance. As commented by Lehm ann 2013, ACIF encourages the adoption of technologies and processes, which enhance planning, design, and delivery process and encourage greater collaboration between designers, end users, and contractors. It also encourages the adoption of a national architecture policy to raise design standards. As suggested by Zhang, Skitmore, and Peng 2014, Public Infrastructure planning requires expertise within the public sector. The Report of the Building the Education Revolution Implementation Taskforce (BERIT) published in July 2011 highlights the benefits of the government sector being an informed client. ACIF and APCC work together for encouraging government for maintaining expertise within public sector for the benefit of using off-site construction elements. As mentioned by Kremer and Symmons 2015, ACIF help in supporting the Federal Government of Australia for appointing a minister in different cities. It also provide a call from the Commonwealth Government for including Ministers Portfolio responsibility to coordinate role of government agencies as buyers of services in the industry. As per the view of Turnbull and Lowe 2017, it also help in promoting policies and regulations for encouraging this innovative construction idea in the country. The NCC is an initiative of the Council of Australian Governments developed to incorporate all on-site building and plumbing requirements into a single code. The NCC sets the minimum requirements for the design, construction and performance of buildings throughout Australia. Health Impact Assessments (HIA) is a part of social and environment aspects of the project. Therefore, the project needs to include health component as part of the SIEA terms of reference. As commented by Nasir, Ahmed and Haas 2014, proper integration of an HIA into its SEIA includes resolving boundaries, avoiding duplication, integrating mitigation measures, and integrating executive summaries. Methodology (Methods used for conducting this research) This paper will focus on the implementation of the Off Site constriction to mitigate the housing unavailability in Australia. This paper will explore the gaps in knowledge regarding the unaffordability of house in Australia. The literature review and data collection has been done from studying various online journals, books, articles, reports and seminars. The literature review and data collection sources are properly authenticated and taken from published journals related to the topic (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). International affordability rank National rank Metropolitan market Median Multiple Median house price Median household income 218 1 Karratha, WA 4.1 $679,000 $166,800 224 2 Galdestone, QLD 4.2 $400,000 $94,200 248 3 Mildura, VIC 4.5 $213,000 $46,900 248 3 Townsville, QLD 4.5 $346,000 $76,400 257 5 Shepparton, VIC 4.6 $237,000 $51,400 264 6 Launceston, TAS 4.7 $250,000 $53,200 268 7 Alice Springs, NT 4.8 $469,500 $97,100 268 7 Rockhampton, QLD 4.8 $318,300 $66,600 268 7 Tamworth, NSW 4.8 $260,000 $54,500 277 10 Bunbury, WA 4.9 $380,000 $77,200 277 10 Mackay, QLD 4.9 $420,000 $86,300 277 10 Orange, NSW 4.9 $317,000 $64,600 282 13 Bathurst, NSW 5.0 $313,300 $63,200 282 13 Port Hedland, WA 5.0 $818,000 $163,700 289 15 Canberra, ACT 5.3 $562,200 $106,400 289 15 Geraldton, WA 5.3 $379,000 $71,500 289 15 Wagga Wagga, NSW 5.3 $333,700 $63,500 297 18 Hobart, TAS 5.4 $322,800 $59,500 297 18 Toowoomba, QLD 5.4 $309,000 $57,500 306 20 Ballarat, VIC 5.5 $290,000 $52,500 306 20 Cairns, QLD 5.5 $351,500 $63,600 312 23 Albury-Wodonga, NSW 5.8 $323120,000 $55,200 312 23 Albury-Wodonga, VIC 5.8 $320,000 $55,200 312 23 Brisbane, QLD 5.8 $442,100 $75,900 319 25 Bendigo, VIC 6.0 $315,000 $52,700 319 25 Newcastle-Maitland, NSW 6.0 $385,700 $64,800 319 25 Perth, WA 6.0 $508,000 $84,800 327 28 Adelaide, SA 6.3 $392,000 $61,800 329 29 Darwin, NT 6.5 $673,500 $103,600 332 30 Fraser Coast, QLD 6.8 $290,000 $42,600 332 30 Mandurah, WA 6.8 $390,000 $57,600 Table 1: Ranked housing affordability for Australian market from the most to least affordability As commented by Beament and Blackford 2013, deductive research approach will be selected by the researcher to complete this research. Deductive approach uses hypothetical structure for maintaining relationship with various factors included in off-site manufacturing. As commented by OConnor, OBrien, and Choi 2014, this permits foundation of relationship of factors and additionally their tendency of communication. The scope and issues included in off-site construction will be identified by this approach. The researcher will be able to maintain and manage the outcomes of the research. The research will use descriptive research design for clarifying and verifying elements of off-site construction. The drivers and constraints will be discussed with this research design. This design will help the researcher to plan configuration and summarizing observational information. As stated by Wen, Siong and Noor 2015, the review of journals and articles will be properly for proper qualitative analysis of research. The research will be done ethically under various norms. As mentioned by Woo 2017, the research will follow the Data protection Act 1998 that helps in securing data and info ration related to research topic. The data collected from online journals and government databases are secured and not shared with anyone outside research team. As commented by Lu and Tam 2013, the ethical norms of government have been successfully maintained. Legitimate sources are used for collecting data and information for research topic. This research will depend on true information and add itionally production stayed away from totally. The online journals will be properly crosschecked and only related and published data will be taken for research purpose.) Organization Contribution to MOC HNA Health Need Assessment helps in describing health needs and health assets of various groups in local population. HIA Health Impact Assessment report helps in resolving duplicity and integrating mitigation measures. ACIF Australian Construction Industry Forum (ACIF) is the meeting place for leaders of the construction industry in Australia. CBA The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Fiji, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. NHSC National Housing Supply Council Canberra include various experts that estimates analysis, projections and policy advice regarding housing loans and other matters. Table 2: Contribution of various organization to MOC Findings (Expected outcomes and findings from this research) The expected results of the research is to identify the strategies for mitigating the challenge of unavailability of houses in Australia. The supply chain management for the offsite construction will be obtained by secondary methods. The online journals will be properly analyzed that might help in getting an idea about the problems regarding the construction in Australia. 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