Essay on Belmont Report Citi - 1410 Words

1. Respect for Persons. -- Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy. An autonomous person is an individual capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under the direction of such deliberation. To respect autonomy is to give weight to autonomous persons considered opinions and choices while refraining from obstructing their actions unless they are clearly†¦show more content†¦In some situations, however, application of the principle is not obvious. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. On the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research. On the other hand, under prison conditions they may be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer. Respect for persons would then dictate that prisoners be protected. Whether to allow prisoners to volunteer or to protect them presents a dilemma. Respecting persons, in most hard cases, is often a matter of balancing competing claims urged by the principle of respect itself. 2. Beneficence. -- Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their wellbeing. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. The term beneficence is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation. In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possibleShow MoreRelatedThe Tuskegee Study Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pages The CITI Ethics Training spoke of both: Laud Humphreys, Tearoom Trade and the infamous Tuskegee Study. The Video, The Human Behavior Experiments, reported on the Milgram study on obedience and the Zimbardo Prison Experiment. Using one of these four studies as an example, explain how the study violated (or not) each of the three basic principles of research ethics: beneficence, justice and respect for persons, using materials from your CITI training, the ASA Code of Ethics and the Belmont ReportRead MoreDaily Physical Activity Can Improve Exercise Tolerance And Functional Capacity5823 Words   |  24 Pagesclinical practice in that the researchers suggest clinicians should implement early management of symptoms and supportive measures to reduce patients fatigue. Specifically, patients with heart failure can be educated to monitor their symptoms and report them so that health care providers can help maintain their physical functioning and improve their quality of life. Similarly, Tang, Yu, and Yeh (2010) conducted a quantitative correlational study to also understand fatigue in chronic heart failureRead MoreThe Field Of Elearning : Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods2985 Words   |  12 Pagesresearch. Informed Consent The process of obtaining informed consent is designed to allow a participant the opportunity to make an autonomous decision as to whether he or she is willing to participate in a research study (Nishimura, et al., 2013; Belmont Report, 1979). The researcher must make sure participants fully understand the aim of the research and the effects it may have on the participants. The type of research being conducted, social, medical, or any other, and the intended participants willRead MoreBranding in Clothing Industry22425 Words   |  90 Pages1998) reveals that over two thirds of the consumers regard domestic brands as their first priority. This points out the fact that a large majority of Chinese is still in favor of domestic brands in low-priced range. The HKTDC (2002) research also reports on the average annual spending on clothing. On average, people spend 7.3% of their income on buying clothes with women professionals having the highest demand and students’ spending the minimal amount. This disparity is probably due to the fact that

Instrument Used For Measuring Depression - 1635 Words

ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT REVIEW. In this paper I am going to review instrument used for measuring depression. Depression can be defined as that state of mind that an individual is sad or in an unhappy mood. Other symptoms associated with depression are the feeling of tiredness, unenthusiastic, or hopeless. In some cases, depression can lead to suicidal ideation. It can be described as severe case of major depression; or in a chronic, mild-to-moderate form, as is the case with persistent depressive disorder. Depression is a serious, but common, illness. It is believed that one in ten adults report experiencing depression, and the condition is the most common cause of disability in the United States. In life an individual, has 17% chances of becoming depressed. It usually starts from the late teens or early twenties The instrument I am comparing and contrasting here are: 1). The Major Depression Inventory. This is an instrument developed by the world health organization’s collaborating Center in Mental Health. It is a category B measuring instrument. It is a 12 items, self-reporting mood questionnaire. It items are measured as a frequency over a two-week period. MDI also gives us the opportunity to assess that severity of the depression. The patient is asked to rate how much time in the past two weeks each of the symptoms of the depressive syndrome was present.it has a six-point rating scale ranging from none (zero) to all of the time (5). Therefore, this is a subjective scaleShow MoreRelatedThe Beck Depression Inventory : This Instrument Was Developed By Aaron T. Beck Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beck Depression Inventory: This instrument was developed by Aaron T. Beck who is a pioneer cognitive therapist. This instrument is commonly called the BDI and was developed in 1961. It was adapted in 1969 and a copyright was obtained in 1979. In developing the instrument Beck used a series of questions which enabled him to adequately measure the strength severity and complexity of depression. There are two versions of BDI, a long version which has 21 questions mostly used to measure specificRead MoreEssay on Depression Inventory for the Elderly (Die)997 Words   |  4 PagesDepression Inventory for the Elderly (DIE) Depression is one of the most recurrently investigated psychological disorders within the area of medical RD (Montorio Izal, 1996). A number of exhaustive researches have been carried out to study its symptoms and impacts on different patients belonging to different personal and professional attributes and most of these researchers depicted that depression in the elderly people is very frequent and in spite of number of researches in this contextRead MoreAnalysis Of Beck Depression Inventory II1192 Words   |  5 Pagesdependent variable in the study is depression level (continuous dependent variable). In this paper, depression will be operationally defined as a score level of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) developed by Aaron T. Beck (1996). Instrument to Measure Depression The Title of the Instrument The title of the instrument is Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Beck Depression Inventory II was developed by Aaron T. Beck (1996). Content of the instrument – how many categories, items. TheRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Measuring Clients For Proper Assessment792 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of measuring clients for proper assessment through the use of various formal instruments that may include symptom checklists, personality assessment, or other diagnostic instrument. The population of people this paper will explore are those who are or have been victims of domestic violence. It will further examine the purpose of this formal assessment instrument and the benefits it will have in counseling. The population IRead MoreSummaries of Screening or Assessment Instruments1310 Words   |  5 PagesScreening or Assessment Instruments Instrument One: Zung, WW (1965). Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. RCMAR Measurment Tools. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from HYPERLINK http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/ZungSelfRatedDepressionScale.pdfhttp://healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/ZungSelfRatedDepressionScale.pdf The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale was originally published in 1965. The verion of the scale that I located was free. This is a scale test administered to a depression patient. It consistsRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Cymbalta On Major Depressive Disorder882 Words   |  4 PagesThe effectiveness of Cymbalta on Major Depressive Disorder Introduction: Depression has dramatically increased over the years. It is becoming a chronic disease for people. According to Wimett and Laustsen (2005), â€Å"Depression is a psychiatric disorder that affects an estimated 18 million U.S citizens and is expected to be the second leading cause of death or injury by 2020†. Depression is the change in brain chemistry that comes with a feeling of severe despondency and dejection. Although there areRead MoreComparing Behavior Problems of Normal Children and Children With Disabilities1845 Words   |  7 Pagesintellectual disability are at heightened risk for behavior problems, and these are known to increase parenting stress. Baker, Blacher and Olsson (2005) explored the relation of behavior problems to less-child-related domains of parent well-being (depression and marital adjustment), as well as the moderating effect of a personality trait, dispositional optimism, using three-year-old children over a years longitudinal study, classified as de velopmentally delayed, borderline, or non delayed. MothersRead More A Review of the Beck Youth Inventories for Children and Adolescents 1530 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anger Inventory, Beck Disruptive Inventory, and the Beck Self-Concept Inventory. These tests can be administered individually or in combination to the youth. The intended population for this test is ages 7-14 years (Flanagan Henington, 2005). This test is used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self esteem (Beck, 2001). The Beck Depression Inventory measures depression criteria as evidencedRead MoreAn Empirical Discipline, Positive Psychology Is A Science That Can Be Measured1115 Words   |  5 Pagesmy experience of these interventions both before and after, I used the following psychometric scales in the form of self-assessment questionnaires to track possible positive outcomes. To access the questionnaires/scales I used an online authentic happiness website created by University of Pennsylvania located at www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu. First questionnaire: The Gratitude Survey (GQ-6) (McCullough, et. al., 2002) for measuring gratitude as a dispositional trait; Second questionnaire: TheRead MoreThe World Health Organization Quality Of Life Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesWHOQOL-SRPB The World Health Organization Quality of Life, (WHOQOL) assessment instrument is a 100 question Likert scale, which assesses an individual s quality of life in seven domains. These seven domains and 24 subdomains ask quality of life questions in the following subject matter: physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environmental, spiritual beliefs, and overall health (2016). These questions respond to the definition of Quality of Life as an individual s

Baseball1 Essay Example For Students

Baseball1 Essay Baseball and American Popular CultureBaseball is an integral part of American pop culture. Many Americans grow up with baseball, playing it before they can even count all the bases. It is glorified, taught, and fed to us. When we play baseball, we find a respect for the game. The respect we gain from playing it has turned the game into a tradition of American culture. It has formed itself into the business of professional baseball, namely major league baseball. Professional players have become recognized all over the world. They are sought out and admired by fans. Because of their popularity, these players have written books, endorsed commercial products, and found successful and rewarding careers by playing a game. According to Wallup, author of Baseball: An Informal History, baseball has been apart of our culture since the mid to late nineteenth century(Wallup, p16). Our great grandparents, grandparents, and parents have been brought up with it and our parents teach the sport to us . When the notion of baseball comes to mind, a feeling of nostalgia and tradition come to me. Many of my feelings and memories originate from my childhood. I remember a beautiful summer day. My dad and I arrived at the baseball stadium to watch the game. We walked up the concrete walkway inside the stadium. The concrete walls and floors made my surroundings drab and grey. Finally, we made it to entrance into the stadium. I came out of the dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. The first thing to catch my eye was the vivid rush of color. Underneath the fluffy white clouds and their deep blue canvas, I could look down and see players in vibrant red and blue uniforms warming up for the game. The well-watered grass on the field was a brighter green than any other grass I had seen. The outfield seemed to be so perfect. It appeared that each blade had been cut by hand. The edge of the infield, where the dark, watered-down dirt met the intensely green grass was a precise and well-defined c ontrast. We sat down and I took in my surroundings. There were men walking up and down the stairs selling various concessions. They had peanuts, beer, soda, ice cream, popcorn, and many other tempting treats. The players soon finished their warm-ups and the crowd became frenzied with excitement. The game was about to start. Baseball has its own traditions in America and playing the national anthem is one of them. This well-practiced act of group togetherness serves two purposes. First, it pays tribute to our country, bringing our American values to the game. Secondly, it seems to hype up the game, making the cheering crowd an active part of the contest. This enthusiasm leads to cheers when their team turns a great play or to boos and catcalls due to an umpires bad judgement. It hard to describe why Americans likes to watch baseball. For me, it has to do with the excitement and appreciation of the game. Since I was big enough to hold a baseball, I have been playing the game. I apprec iate it because I have played it and I have experienced the struggle between pitcher and batter. Neither one hates the other, but when the pitcher takes the mound, he or she wants to blast it past his opponent. Conversely, when batters step up, their personal goal is to put a hole through the pitcher when they send the ball blazing back. Its this understanding of the emotions involved that makes watching the game enjoyable to me. It has become a tradition to go watch a game with the family. Rooted in this custom are our cultures values of family and passing the experiences from parent to child. According to A.G. Spalding, author of Americas National Game, baseball is the exponent of American Courage, Confidence, Combativeness Dash, Determination, Energy, Enthusiasm Spirit, Vim, Vigor, and Virility(Spalding, p.4). We see the game of baseball as an activity for family to go to the local ball park to see a son, daughter, nephew, or niece play. It pleases us to see our friends or family playing the game and enjoying it. Baseball gives us reason to get our friends together and have fun. Professional baseball has become an institution that reflects shifting values in American society. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, changing race relations appeared in the major leagues. Nineteen ninety-seven marked the fiftieth anniversary of the first black baseball player, Jackie Robinson, permitted to play in major league baseba ll. He tolerated death threats, white teammates spitting on him, and lack of enthusiasm by the press. Eventually, people came to realize that African Americans had a place in baseball and the rest of society. Soon, more black players gained positions into the realm of professional baseball. Jackie Robinson was a college educated and outspoken individual. In 1957, he retired from the major leagues and took a position as Vice President for a restaurant chain. Later, in 1959, Robinson began writing a regular column for the New York Post. He wrote of social issues, foreign affairs, and the upcoming elections. In the 1960 election, he decided to back Richard Nixon instead of John Kennedy. His logic was that the black community should be represented by the Republican as well as the Democratic Party. This decision led to his fall out of favor with much of the black community. Later in life, he admitted to the bad decision saying, I do not consider my decision to back Richard Nixon over Joh n F. Kennedy for the Presidency in 1960 one of my finest ones. It was a sincere one, however, at the time.(Lester, p2) In 1964, he organized and founded the Freedom Nation Bank in Harlem. The black-owned bank had the goal of being owned by the African-American community it served. Robinson was able to raise 1.5 million dollars for the community. Also in 1964, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller asked Robinson to be one of his deputy national directors. He accepted and was later named to the Executive Committee as Special Assistant to Community Affairs. He had many firsts in his life. He became the catalyst of many emerging civil movements. His impact on the national pastime proceeded several breakthroughs in the social and political arena(Lester, p.3). In his book, Never Had It Made he recapped his life, As long as I appeared to ignore insult and injury, I was a martyred hero to a lot of people who seemed to have sympathy for the underdog(Lester, p.2). Many important people have li ved past their professional baseball careers, continuing in politics or community development, using their popularity to raise money. Many players also use this influence to sell products. Whether it is Nolan Ryan plugging Advil or John Kruk endorsing Pert Plus shampoo, they all have found ways to reach out to American society. The personality of the players and their values transfer to the product they endorse. The general public sees the players endorsement as a promise that the product will stand up to its application. Overall, professional baseball players, exhibit a great deal of influence on the public because of their popularity. This influence has led to many acts and movies. The first performance that comes to mind is Abbot and Costellos Whos on First? routine(Abbott, p.1-5). Though it was created during a different era than my own, it shows how long the game of baseball has gripped the enthusiasm and interest of American culture. Many motion pictures have recently been mad e regarding the subject of baseball. Field of Dreams was a movie about a farmer who heard a voice telling him to, Build it and they will come! Christopher Sharrett of USA Today, described it as a motion picture that used baseball as an image of a golden, half-remembered past (Sharrett, p81). The farmer built a baseball diamond in his corn field. He had faith in this voice and followed by it even when his farm was being foreclosed. The movie communicates throughout how the American views of baseball as tradition and pastime are a vital part of American culture. Other movies relating to baseball include Pride of the Yankees (1942), Babe Ruth Story (1948), Babe (1993), The Natural (1984), and Baseball a documentary that delved into the underside of professional baseball(Sharrett, p81). .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .postImageUrl , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:hover , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:visited , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:active { border:0!important; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:active , .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773 .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0e81dfbd6d7d8a8d26e567c0cbf9773:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: By Dan Serpico EssayBaseball has been used in many media to relay a message to the public. It has been a testing ground for change, a marketing ground for commercial interests, and an icon in the American way of life. Baseball has the ability to be all of these things because of the publics fascination with the game. The game is a major ritual in our society. We grow up with it, playing very young, and as we mature it teaches us about fairness and values. When we grow up, we will pass it down to the next generation who in turn will pass it to their children. Baseball found its way into our culture more than 125 years ago (Wallop, p15) and will be played for 125 more. Bibliography:Abbott and Costello. Whos on First. (p. 1-5): 5. Online, Internet. 28 January 1997. Lester, Barry. Jackie Robinson Biography. (p. 1-2): 2. On-line, Internet. 27 January 1997. Sharrett, Christopher. Baseballs Fading Dreams. USA Today May 1995: 81. Spalding, A. G. Americas National Game. New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1911: p. 3-13. Wallup, Douglas. Baseball: An Informal History. New York: Norton ; Company, Inc., 1969: p. 14 -15. http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/224.html

Teenage Pregnancy Vs Parental Consent In Regards To Abortions (Unwante

Teenage Pregnancy Vs Parental Consent In Regards To Abortions (Unwanted Abortions) Teenage Pregnancy VS Parental Consent in Regards to Abortions (Unwanted Abortions) In today's society, Teenage Pregnancy has risen to substantial percentages. Teenage pregnancy has become an epidemic. Statistics show that Teenage pregnancy has reached at all time high percentage resulting in an high abortion percentage. According to Seventeen magazine, the April 99 issue, reports show that more than a million teenagers get pregnant yearly. Among them 50% have abortions of the other 50%, 96% keep their babies and 41% option for adoption. On the same report, teens who get pregnant before the age of 21, 80% don't intend to be so. Being a teenager has stresses of its own. Starting from adolesence, which is the ages of 12-17, brings on a major developmental process. For example: puberty, identity, and thinking abstractly. Just to name a few. While reviewing Family Planning Pespections, the Jan/Feb of 99 issue, stated that teenagers are not fit to make decisions as to whether or not to have an abortion. And that's where Parental Consent comes in to play. Alot of parents feel the need to control their teenagers. Being that teenagers are not fully developt, they have to be the second brain for them. Alot of young adults know more than we think. Even though they tend to make pretty bad decisions, does not mean they are completly clueless. Everyone has made or will make an unwise decision in their life some time or another. We just have to learn from our mistakes. That apart of growing up. Eventhough teen pregnancy has skyrocketed in this country, I don't fell that no one has the right to force any one into an unwanted abortion. Although most teens between the ages of 13-17 have no ideal what life is all about at this point; some do have a level of maturity to care for a child if taught right. I honestly feel that parents should not force their daughters into abortions. Teenagers are still yet fragile. An abortion can cause major psychological problems for a young girl mentally and physically due to the fact that abortions can cause sterility. We as parents need to help these young ones, teach them and show them what their doing wrong, not criticize them for what their doing. Health and Beauty Essays

Happy Review Essay Example

Happy Review Paper Essay on Happy They say that fate does not send a test person is heavier than he can bear. And yet, that much of our life is predetermined. So Alice Sebold was destined to survive all that she went through, and then describe it in a book called Happy ». This is a work of a student who was brutally raped and struggle sought condemnation of the man who made her die and be reborn again. The young girl did not gloss over this heinous crime, she was not ashamed or scared. She wanted only one thing that the offender would be said in all fairness. And her life after everything that had to endure, finally joined again to normal Alice Sebold tells this terrible story without embellishment and without hiding any unpleasant moments -. As it was in reality. Still, after all, who, if not Alice Sebold know whats going on in the soul of raped girls. The book is autobiographical. Writer itself experienced all that described in the book, which, in spite of this topic is called Happy. And this word can indeed be attributed to the Alice Sebold. In some ways, it really was lucky. Firstly, because it was raped but did not kill, like the heroine of her own works, The Lovely Bones. Secondly, it has managed to survive all of this and obtain justice. And thirdly, he became a famous writer, whose books on filmmaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With specific regard to the book itself, it impresses with its sincerity and warmth, so read in one breath. However, this time I almost written out of the book of quotations, but it has received from something else Perhaps not quite correct to say, Happy. a novel exclusively on rape and its consequences. Not at all. Its about hope, about the power of the human spirit, and that justice in our world exists, only it is necessary to fight hard. Life is over. Life had just begun

Major HRD Issues

Major HRD Issues Human resources development (HRD) has acquired a lot of attention lately as the contemporary highly competitive business world requires 100% productivity of the organisation and each member of the staff. There are a number of issues within the area of HRD which should be addressed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major HRD Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is possible to single out four major issues which need special attention. These issues are concerned with productivity, training, motivation and diversity of the workforce. Notably, these areas are interrelated, which should be taken into account by HR specialists. Large amount of literature on development of office workers’ skills can be found nowadays. As for development of workers of manufacturing organisations (e.g. textile industry), there is certain lack of consistent surveys and research (Ghazali Halib 2012). It is possible to consi der the major HRD issues in terms of manufacturing companies to outline main areas to research. Executives, managers and researchers agree that productivity is one of the major issues of HRD (Sims 2007). It has been acknowledged that productivity should become a priority for workers to make a manufacturing company profitable (Ghazali Halib 2012). Admittedly, workers of a manufacturing company should be motivated to work harder. Each employee should strive for 100% productivity. York (2009) provides an example of the importance of each employee’s involvement into the development of the company’s productivity. Thus, one of the General Motor’s plants in California experienced various issues concerning productivity. In 1984, the company started: a joint venture with Toyota with a focus on teamwork between labor [sic] and management and a collective bargaining agreement that described the workers as professional partners committed to the New United Motors Manufactur ing Inc. (York 2009, p. 273) This incentive proved to be effective as productivity of the new venture was 40 per cent more efficient than a typical productivity of a GM plant (York 2009). The workers were motivated to perform better as they understood that their productivity could be beneficial for them and the overall company. This is only one of many examples that justify the importance of workers’ productivity as well as importance of motivation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Workers involved in textile industry can also be motivated in the same way. Though, it is necessary to admit that such measures are quite drastic. As has been mentioned above setting proper standards will be beneficial for any manufacturing company. High quality of products is crucial for textile manufacturing companies. Workers should understand that only specific quality of produ cts can be regarded as acceptable and such characteristics as speed, amount of the products produced cannot be primary. Notably, there are many strategies to develop productivity. As has been mentioned above, motivation is one of the most important factors to pay attention to. The example of GM plant represents one of ways to develop motivation. Apart from making workers’ ‘professional partners’, it is possible to exploit a variety of strategies. Ghazali and Halib (2012) consider effectiveness of a specific incentive implemented on one of Malaysian manufacturing companies. The major motivation strategy was financial reward, i.e. additional payment for enhanced productivity. Reportedly, this incentive had quite controversial effects. On the one hand, workers were motivated to work harder and produce more. However, such commitment was not very cost-effective as it led to various defects, equipment breakdown, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to note that motivation s trategies need to be developed and improved to fit specific industries. It is important to exploit a variety of motivation incentives, which are not confined to extra payment. Workers can obtain extra days off. It is possible to grant permission to work flexible hours. Promotion is a very potent tool to motivate workers of manufacturing companies. Training is also a very effective incentive to motivate workers. It is important to understand potential of each worker and if there is a worker who is eager to perform other tasks, supervisors and eventually the company’s owners should give this person such an opportunity. When it comes to textile industry, some workers may be interested in developing their skills.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major HRD Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, some may want to develop computer skills and some may have desire to be a designer. All these inclinations and abil ities should be taken into account. These workers can become high-skilled professionals, which will be beneficial for the company (and overall industry). When it comes to a textile manufacturing company, it can be helpful to present products of the company to workers who perform well. This incentive can be regarded as a motivation incentive as workers’ performance is appreciated and they are praised. At the same time, this can positively affect products’ quality as workers will remember that the products they produce can become their reward. Admittedly, people tend to create better things for themselves than for other people. Nonetheless, motivation is not the only factor that affects productivity, especially when it comes to manufacturing companies. Training plays a very important role in enhancing productivity. Birdi et al. (2008) claim that extensive training, empowerment and development of teamwork skills positively affect productivity of manufacturing companies. A t that, development of training programs requires quite a lot of precision. In the first place, Bayat (2011) notes that it is important to reconsider performance evaluation as existing standards do not meet needs of the modern business environment. Evaluation of productivity should be thoughtful. Many executives are eager to set quite high productivity standards which are hardly achievable. This strategy is very tempting but it is ineffective and even harmful for a manufacturing company as it leads to lack of motivation in workers. It is also important to take into account physical and psychological abilities of employees. Supervisors should understand whether a worker can fulfil this or that task. It is important to train workers who will be able to benefit from the training obtained as sometimes all workers take certain courses but never use the knowledge and skills acquired (Werner DeSimone 2011). Admittedly, this is not cost-efficient.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When it comes to manufacturing companies, training should address specific group’s needs. Each worker’s performance and potential should be taken into account. It is necessary to add that development of proper training strategies is one of the most serious issues in the contemporary business world. HRD professionals should work out incentives and programs that could address specific issues existing in a particular company. Productivity depends on effectiveness of these programs. Finally, training will positively affect industrial safety as workers should be aware of all standards, requirements and useful strategies. Sometimes it is believed that only large companies can benefit from training. However, a number of surveys show that small companies can also benefit from training and other HRD strategies (Grigore 2008). Many people deem that only big companies can afford proper training. Besides, owners of small companies often think training is costly and will not be rep aid. However, many researchers provide data which suggest that small companies benefit from training and HR development. Owners of small manufacturing companies often fail to understand that training can be regarded as one of strategies aimed at development of motivation. Workers will be motivated to improve their skills and develop new ones to increase their productivity, which, in its turn, will lead to financial reward. Another main issue to be considered is diversity at workplace. It is believed that diversity is a topic that has already been covered and there is no need in considering it. However, there is significant gap in literature on the mater (Curtis Dreachslin 2008). The contemporary workplace is highly diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. All these differences can interfere with productivity of each employee and the overall company. Therefore, it is crucial to pay a lot of attention to this issue. Notably, diversity training has become quite popular lately an d many companies resort to a variety of strategies to raise diversity awareness among their employees (Werner DeSimone 2011). Sims (2007, p. 245) stresses that now the â€Å"diversity challenge centers [sic] not much on employees and customers but on management itself†. The researcher also notes that diversity awareness plays important role in teamwork development. It is important to note that some people think the best way out to address issues associated with diversity is to diminish it. Of course, this approach is ineffective due to, at least, two factors. First, it is hardly possible to diminish level of diversity in the contemporary world where governments ensure equality and diversity (Idowu 2012). Secondly, empowerment of women, globalisation, population aging contribute to high level of diversity at workplace. Thus, changing gender roles result in increasing number of women occupying different positions. The number of women in top management and among manufacturing c ompanies workers is steadily increasing. This contributes to high level of gender diversity. Globalisation is associated with people’s migration, which results in ethnical and cultural diversity at workplace. This is especially true for manufacturing companies where a lot of low-skilled people of different ethnicities are occupied. Population aging leads to quite a significant gap between generations at workplace, which leads to age diversity. Obviously, diversity can hardly be diminished. It is also necessary to note that researchers still argue about the role diversity plays. Some state that diversity positively affects companies’ productivity as people of different backgrounds have extensive experience they share to develop the company (Henry Evans 2007). At the same time, some researchers claim that diversity negatively affects employee’s performance as it leads to miscomprehension, misunderstanding and a variety of conflict situations (Jayne Dipboye 2004) . Both viewpoints have the right to exist as diversity can be beneficial for a company, but it can also lead to numerous issues if no diversity training is provided. Therefore, it is essential to raise diversity awareness among employees. When it comes to manufacturing companies, each employee should be involved in this training. There are numerous strategies to develop diversity awareness these days (Curtis Dreachslin 2008). Though major focus is made on such categories as students, top management, salespeople and healthcare professionals, researchers have developed certain strategies for workers of manufacturing companies as well. First, diversity training should address specific aims. It is necessary to start with particular issues and conflicts existing at workplace. Team building activities should also be a part of this training, or rather teamwork development and diversity awareness training should be incorporated into a single training strategy (Sims 2007). Sometimes languag e courses can be beneficial for workers as nowadays many people of different ethnicities work in manufacturing companies. As far as textile industry is concerned, diversity (especially cultural diversity) is a serious issue which should be addressed. Manufacturing companies often employ low-skilled workers who often have different cultural backgrounds. Apart from different ethnicities, workers of textile manufacturing companies are of different age and gender. Different ages and genders often lead to certain conflicts among workers. Supervisors as well as workers should have the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to solve various problems and avoid conflict situations. Ability to work in teams depends on workers’ ability to cope with issues associated with diversity. In conclusion, it is possible to note that companies need to address a variety of issues in the contemporary highly competitive business world. Human resources development should be one of the priorities f or any company. HR specialists should pay special attention to the following: productivity, motivation, training and diversity. These fields need special attention as they significantly affect profitability of the company. It is also important to note that these areas are interconnected and interdependent so they should be treated accordingly. It is important to develop training strategies that could address all of the following aspects: productivity, motivation and diversity. When it comes to textile manufacturing companies, HR specialists should pay special attention to motivation and diversity as these are key factors for this industry. Notably, there are quite many gaps in research and even such serious issues as productivity, motivation, training and diversity are under-developed. There is need in specific strategies and techniques which could be applicable in particular industries and settings. Of course, every HR specialist should also be ready to introduce effective techniqu es to enhance profitability of the company. Reference List Bayat, RF 2011, Impact on the productivity of human resources management, performance evaluation, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5.12, pp. 1629-1635. Birdi, K, Clegg, C, Patterson, M, Robinson, A, Stride, CB, Wall, TD, Wood, SJ 2008, The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: a longitudinal study, Personnel Psychology 61.1, pp. 467-501. Curtis, EF Dreachslin, JL 2008, Diversity management interventions and organizational performance: a synthesis of current literature, Human Resource Development Review 7.1, pp. 107-134. Ghazali, Z Halib, M 2012, Productivity-based group incentive scheme: a human resource strategy for competitive advantage in a Malaysian manufacturing company, European Journal of Social Sciences 28.1, pp. 101-108. Grigore, AM 2008, The impact of human resources practices upon small companies performances, Buletinul LX.2/2008, pp. 83-92. Henry, O Evans, AJ 2007, Critical review of literature on workforce diversity, African Journal of Business Management, pp. 72-76. Idowu, OF 2012, Human resource diversity and organizational outcomes: managing differences or organizational culture, Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 1.12, pp. 1-6. Jayne, MEA Dipboye, RL 2004, Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: research findings and recommendations for organizations, Human Resource Management 43.4, pp. 409-424. Sims, RR 2007, Human resource management: contemporary issues, challenges, and opportunities, IAP, USA. Werner, JM DeSimone, RL 2011, Human resource development, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. York, KM 2009, Applied human resource management: strategic issues and experiential exercises, Sage Publications, Inc., London.

MEN VERSUS WOMEN SPORTS COVERAGE AND POPULARITY Case Study

MEN VERSUS WOMEN SPORTS COVERAGE AND POPULARITY - Case Study Example This was about 13hours higher in comparison to the women’s coverage. Men in most cases tend to perform extremely well in various games. This boosts the reporter’s morale towards covering most of men’s games. In the summer Olympics in 2008 as well as the preceding years, there emerged improved air time coverage with both men and women almost getting equal air time coverage. About 46.3% of airtime coverage went to women in this year, a decrease from the previous year 2004 when the coverage was 47.9%. Nevertheless, coverage of women sports events improved heavily towards the socially acceptable sports for women. The socially accepted sports are always attractive as these sports involve minimal clothing hence women can be easily displayed as physically attractive. These kind of sports, even though are highly ranked in the media coverage among the women are not morally acceptable in the media fraternity. This research paper explains the impact of media coverage in com parison to men and women sports coverage and popularity. Women who normally take part in sports that involve either power or hard body contact are more often unlikely to receive media coverage. This is due to the stereotypical assumptions involved with these kinds of feminine events thus there is reduced women sports coverage. ... The 2010 Olympics aptly inclined towards men coverage thus rendering it biased. Most of the winter sports by their nature generally provide women with fewer opportunities to capture various sports. The make-up of the spectators whom NBC normally targets to please provides a more complex narrative than mere pandering to male sports fans for the summer Olympics in 2008. Women spectators over 18years of age in the recent Olympic Games have lost the media coverage with only 49 per cent total viewers attending while the rest are women. This reduces the lively participation by the women in these games due to the feeling of being neglected by the fellow women spectators. This in turn reduces the women sports coverage popularity in women’s sports participation fields. The sports world is almost entirely divided between men’s and women’s groups. The men’s sport has nonetheless, always dominated all forms of broadcasting coverage despite the fact that women as well competes in those exact similar sports in an increasingly professional level. The sports coverage revolves around newspaper, broadcasting, news coverage, reports and internet articles in the media houses. In United States for example, women’s sports receive a total of 1.65 of the total sports airtime on both the local, national and sports media giants such as ESPN. This is as well experienced in Australia media houses in relation to the popularity of men’s coverage in sports in relation to women’s. In Australia the situation is even demeaning with women’s sport coverage receiving only 9 per cent in relation to men’s coverage and airtime which is at 81 per cent. In the written press the numbers are always